Several authors prescribed the distribution of various intensity domains for endurance training ( Esteve-Lanao et al., 2005 Seiler and Kjerland, 2006 Seiler, 2010 Stöggl and Sperlich, 2015), but explicit prescriptions of an optimal duration for each individual intensity domain are still missing. However, including high intensity speed endurance exercise provided a stimulus for muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, substrate regulation, and angiogenesis.Ĭonsequently, concerning training effects ( Platonov, 1999 Noakes, 2000 Abbiss and Laursen, 2005), concepts integrating the prescription of both intensity and duration within one model are needed with respect to the main aims in endurance training which are to increase maximal oxygen uptake, the maximal sustainable speed, or power (threshold speed), and to increase economy and time to exhaustion ( Lundby and Robach, 2015). This short duration and a high fitness level did not allow to sufficiently challenge muscle PGC-1α mRNA for the relative low exercise intensity (60% of VO2 max) applied. (2016) that muscle PGC-1α mRNA, identified as a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative genes, did not change significantly after 60 min of endurance exercise in their study. Recently, it was shown by Skovgaard et al. As the hormonal changes trigger acute and chronic adaptation it is suggested that not only intensity but also the duration for any specific intensity is crucial to induce training effects or to avoid overload ( Viru, 1995, p. (1996) proposing that in exercise performed below a certain threshold intensity, hormonal responses will only occur after a certain long duration. This is in line with earlier results by Viru et al. (2005) critically mentioned that little research tempting to isolate the effect of exercise duration has been done but they suggested a duration threshold for hormonal responses especially for low intensity exercise. 168) whereas, in contrast, exercise duration is rarely prescribed by individual measures and mostly set from personal experience or “usual” settings. The regulation of endurance training is usually based on the prescription of individual exercise intensity zones/domains, ( Meyer et al., 2005 Pescatello, 2014, p. The model described here is the first conceptual framework of integrating physiologically defined intensities and fatigue related durations to optimize high-performance exercise training. For any micro-cycle, target intensities and durations may be chosen on an individual basis. Four domains of duration with respect to induced fatigue can be derived from maximal duration obtained by the power-duration curve. Using percentages of the maximal duration allows regulating fatigue, recovery time, and adaptation for any single endurance training session. A maximal duration exists for any single power or velocity such as described in the power-duration relationship. The turn points define three zones of intensities with distinct acute metabolic, hormonal, and cardio-respiratory responses for endurance exercise. The concept is based on both the differentiation of intensities by two lactate or gas exchange variables derived turn points, and on the relationship between power (or velocity) and duration (or distance). Here we show the combination of exercise intensity and duration prescription on an individual basis applying the power/speed to distance/time relationship. An according recent approach was the critical power concept which seems to have a physiological basis however, the mathematical approach of this concept does not allow applying the three zones/two threshold model of metabolism and its different physiological consequences. As the specific exercise duration for any intensity plays a substantial role regarding the different kind of cellular stressors, degree, and kind of fatigue as well as training effects, concepts integrating the prescription of both intensity and duration within one model are needed. Exercise duration, another important variable of training load, is rarely prescribed by individual measures and mostly set from experience. The regulation of endurance training is usually based on the prescription of exercise intensity.
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